# EveryCow

> Every breed of cattle in the world. A free guide to 146 cattle breeds and 67 products of the cow from every country, filed by region, country and cattle town, by purpose (dairy, beef, draught, dual-purpose, triple-purpose, sport, ceremonial, grazing, heritage, companion), by lineage (taurine, zebu, sanga, composite, yak, gayal, banteng, wild), by trait (heat-tolerant, cold-hardy, drought-hardy, disease-resistant, thrifty, docile, spirited, agile, polled, long-horned, rich-milk, marbled, long-lived, easy-calving), by land and climate (mountain, highland, arid, savanna, steppe, tropical, temperate, wetland, island, northern), by faith and tradition and by celebration, with drawings, a live calendar of cattle fairs and festivals, a world map and a glossary. Published by ClearTrust.

Each breed page gives: name and native name, lineage, purpose, size on a 0 to 5 scale (height of a cow at the withers, miniature to giant), horns, coat colours, conservation status, countries, cattle towns and fairs, what it looks like, where it comes from, what it is known for, how it is bred and kept, what it is kept for, its land and climate, the people who keep it, faith and celebration, folk tradition, care, related breeds, numbers and herd book, a short FAQ, further reading and source links. Pages are derived from Wikipedia and Wikidata with AI assistance and may contain mistakes; cite the page URL.

## Browse
- [All breeds](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/breeds)
- [Products of the cow](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/products)
- [Regions](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/regions)
- [Countries](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/countries)
- [Cattle towns, fairs and pastures](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/cities)
- [World map](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/map)
- [Dairy breeds](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/dairy)
- [Beef breeds](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/beef)
- [Draught breeds](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/draught)
- [Dual-purpose breeds](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/dual-purpose)
- [Triple-purpose breeds](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/triple-purpose)
- [Sport and contest](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/sport)
- [Temple and ceremonial](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/ceremonial)
- [Conservation grazing](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/grazing)
- [Rare and heritage](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/heritage)
- [Miniature and companion](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/purposes/companion)
- [Taurine cattle](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/lineages/taurine)
- [Zebu cattle](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/lineages/zebu)
- [Sanga and African blends](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/lineages/sanga)
- [Composite breeds](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/lineages/composite)
- [Yak](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/lineages/yak)
- [Mithun (gayal)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/lineages/gayal)
- [Bali cattle (banteng)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/lineages/banteng)
- [Wild, feral and ancestral](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/lineages/wild)
- [Heat-tolerant](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/heat-tolerant)
- [Cold-hardy](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/cold-hardy)
- [Drought-hardy](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/drought-hardy)
- [Disease-resistant](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/disease-resistant)
- [Thrifty foragers](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/thrifty)
- [Docile](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/docile)
- [Spirited](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/spirited)
- [Quick and strong](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/agile)
- [Polled](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/polled)
- [Long-horned](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/long-horned)
- [Rich milk](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/rich-milk)
- [Marbled beef](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/marbled)
- [Long-lived](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/long-lived)
- [Easy calving](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/traits/easy-calving)
- [Mountain and alpine](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/mountain)
- [High plateau](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/highland)
- [Desert and dry land](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/arid)
- [Savanna and bush](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/savanna)
- [Steppe and plains](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/steppe)
- [Humid tropics](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/tropical)
- [Temperate lowland](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/temperate)
- [Marsh, delta and coast](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/wetland)
- [Islands](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/island)
- [Cold north](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/habitats/northern)
- [Hindu](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/hindu)
- [Jain](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/jain)
- [Buddhist](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/buddhist)
- [Sikh](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/sikh)
- [Muslim](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/muslim)
- [Jewish](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/jewish)
- [Christian](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/christian)
- [Ancient worlds](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/ancient)
- [Herders and nomads](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/pastoral)
- [Other traditions](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/spiritual/other)
- [Weddings and bride wealth](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/occasions/wedding)
- [Festivals](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/occasions/festival)
- [Pasture and transhumance](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/occasions/pasture)
- [Ploughing and harvest](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/occasions/harvest)
- [Fairs and shows](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/occasions/fair)
- [Races and contests](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/occasions/sport)
- [Gifts and offerings](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/occasions/offering)
- [Everyday work](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/occasions/daily)

## Live
- [Cattle today](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/today): days on now and next, breed of the day
- [The calendar](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/calendar)
- [Weekday traditions](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/weekdays)
- [Cattle news](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/news)

## Learn
- [Concepts and words](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts)

## For agents
- [MCP server](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/mcp): Streamable HTTP, no key needed
- [JSON API](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/developers): GET https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/api/v1/<tool>
- [Sitemap](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/sitemap.xml)
- [How complete the catalogue is](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/coverage)

## Products
- [Ghee](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/ghee): Butter simmered until the water cooks away and the milk solids brown, leaving a clear golden fat that keeps for months.
- [Makkhan (white butter)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/makkhan): Soft unsalted butter churned from curd by hand, eaten fresh on flatbreads and loved in the stories of the young Krishna.
- [Dahi (curd)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/dahi): Milk set overnight with a spoon of yesterday's curd: the everyday soured milk of South Asian homes.
- [Lassi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/lassi): Curd churned with water and sugar or salt into a thick, frothy drink, served in tall glasses or clay cups across the Punjab.
- [Chaas (spiced buttermilk)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/chaas): Thin buttermilk seasoned with salt, cumin, ginger and herbs, drunk with lunch across western and southern India.
- [Khoa](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/khoa): Milk cooked down in an iron pan to a crumbly or soft paste: the base of barfi, peda and gulab jamun.
- [Rabri](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/rabri): Milk simmered slowly while its skins are lifted to the side, then sweetened into a thick dessert of creamy layers.
- [Basundi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/basundi): Milk reduced to a sweet, pourable cream with cardamom and nuts, a festival dessert of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka.
- [Kulfi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/kulfi): Reduced, sweetened milk frozen in conical moulds: a dense ice that melts slowly and is cut into thick slices.
- [Malai](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/malai): The thick skin of cream that forms on boiled milk as it cools, skimmed off daily and saved for butter, ghee and sweets.
- [Kheer and payasam](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/kheer): Rice slowly cooked in sweetened milk with cardamom: the pudding of offerings, birthdays and festival meals.
- [Sakkarai pongal](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/sakkarai-pongal): Rice and lentils boiled over in a new pot with milk, jaggery and ghee at the Tamil harvest festival of Pongal.
- [Mysore pak](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/mysore-pak): Gram flour cooked in a great deal of ghee and sugar syrup until it sets into porous, melting squares.
- [Mishti doi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/mishti-doi): Bengal's sweet curd: reduced milk, caramelised sugar or jaggery, set firm in unglazed clay pots.
- [Rasgulla](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/rasgulla): Soft balls of fresh chhena cheese cooked in light sugar syrup: the spongy white sweet of Odisha and Bengal.
- [Mathura peda](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/mathura-peda): Khoa roasted to a brown, grainy fudge with sugar and cardamom, the sweet of Krishna's birthplace.
- [Panchamrita](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/panchamrita): The five nectars, milk, curd, ghee, honey and sugar, poured over the image of a deity and shared as blessed food.
- [Dung cakes (upla and gobar fuel)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/dung-cakes): Cattle dung mixed with straw, patted into rounds by hand and sun-dried as fuel for the village hearth.
- [Cow-dung floor plaster (lipai)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/dung-plaster): Fresh dung mixed with clay and water and spread over mud floors and courtyards for a smooth, renewed surface.
- [Masala chai](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/masala-chai): Black tea boiled with milk, sugar and spices, poured from a pan into small glasses or clay cups at every street corner.
- [Kolhapuri chappal](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/kolhapuri-chappal): Flat, open leather sandals cut, stitched and braided by hand in southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka.
- [Chhurpi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/chhurpi): Curd from churned yak, dzomo or cow buttermilk, eaten soft or pressed and dried into one of the hardest foods of the Himalaya.
- [Sheer khurma](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/sheer-khurma): Fine vermicelli cooked in milk with dates, nuts and ghee: the morning dish of Eid al-Fitr.
- [Butter tea](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/butter-tea): Brick tea boiled long and churned with yak butter and salt, drunk many times a day on the Tibetan plateau.
- [Suutei tsai](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/suutei-tsai): Mongolian salty milk tea, boiled in a pan and ladled high to mix, the first thing offered in every ger.
- [Hong Kong milk tea](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/hong-kong-milk-tea): Strong black tea pulled through a cloth bag and mixed with evaporated milk, served in the city's tea cafés.
- [Teh tarik](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/teh-tarik): Strong tea with condensed milk, pulled from cup to cup at arm's length until it wears a cap of froth.
- [Qurut and aaruul (dried curd)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/qurut): Strained, salted sour curd rolled into balls or pressed into shapes and dried hard in the sun for the year ahead.
- [Kefir](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/kefir): Milk fermented with gelatinous kefir grains into a sour, lightly fizzy drink from the North Caucasus.
- [Ayran](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/ayran): Yoghurt whisked with cold water and salt into a frothy drink, served with kebabs, pide and summer lunches.
- [Kaymak](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/kaymak): Thick clotted cream skimmed from slowly simmered milk, eaten at breakfast with honey on fresh bread.
- [Lben](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/lben): The soured buttermilk of the Maghreb, left after butter is churned in a skin, drunk cold with dates or couscous.
- [Smen](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/smen): Salted butter packed into jars and left to ripen into a pungent cooking fat, spooned into couscous and tagines.
- [Niter kibbeh](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/niter-kibbeh): Ethiopian butter clarified with onion, garlic, ginger and spices: the fat behind doro wat and kitfo.
- [Mursik](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/mursik): Kalenjin fermented milk soured in a gourd lined with charcoal, served to guests, at ceremonies and to returning athletes.
- [Amasi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/amasi): Thick sour milk of southern Africa, set in a calabash and eaten with maize porridge.
- [Fura da nono](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/fura-da-nono): Spiced millet balls crushed into nono, the fermented milk sold by Fulani women across the Sahel.
- [Melktert (milk tart)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/melktert): A shallow pastry case filled with a light milk custard and dusted with cinnamon, made for every South African occasion.
- [Isigny butter (Normandy cultured butter)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/isigny-butter): Golden butter churned from ripened cream on the wet pastures around the Veys bay in Normandy, under a protected name.
- [Clotted cream](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/clotted-cream): Thick yellow cream formed by gently heating milk and cooling it slowly, the crown of a Devon or Cornish cream tea.
- [Buttermilk](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/buttermilk): The thin, sour liquid left after butter is churned from ripened cream, drunk on farms and used in soda bread and biscuits.
- [Skyr](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/skyr): Iceland's thick strained cultured milk, made from skimmed milk since the time of the sagas.
- [Filmjölk](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/filmjolk): Swedish soured milk, mild and spoonable, eaten from a bowl with cereal or muesli at breakfast.
- [Viili](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/viili): Finnish ropy soured milk with a velvet skin of mould, set at room temperature and eaten with a spoon.
- [Crème fraîche](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/creme-fraiche): Thick, lightly sour cultured cream that holds up in a hot sauce without curdling.
- [Smetana](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/smetana): Eastern European soured cream, spooned into borscht and onto blini, pelmeni and pancakes.
- [Quark](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/quark): Soft fresh curd of German and Central European kitchens, used in cheesecake, dumplings and with potatoes and linseed oil.
- [Ryazhenka](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/ryazhenka): Milk baked slowly until caramel brown, then fermented into a mild, creamy drink of Ukraine and Russia.
- [Panna cotta](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/panna-cotta): Sweetened cream set softly with gelatine, a pudding of Piedmont served with caramel, fruit or berry sauce.
- [Junket](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/junket): Warm sweetened milk set softly with rennet, an old English pudding once eaten with clotted cream and nutmeg.
- [Rice pudding](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/rice-pudding): Rice cooked slowly in milk, eaten as Christmas porridge in the Nordic countries and baked or chilled across Europe.
- [Syllabub](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/syllabub): Cream whipped with sweet wine, sugar and lemon into a soft froth, a dessert of Tudor to Georgian England.
- [Bone china](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/bone-china): White, translucent porcelain made with ash of cattle bone, developed in Staffordshire around 1800.
- [Vellum](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/vellum): Fine calfskin limed, scraped and dried under tension, the writing surface of medieval manuscripts.
- [Drinking horn](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/drinking-horn): A horn hollowed, cleaned and polished into a cup, used at feasts from the ancient world to the Georgian supra.
- [Eggnog](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/eggnog): Milk, cream, eggs and sugar, often spiked with rum or brandy and dusted with nutmeg: the Christmas drink of North America.
- [Rompope](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/rompope): Mexican eggnog of milk, egg yolks, sugar, vanilla and rum, first made in the convents of Puebla.
- [Butter sculpture](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/butter-sculpture): Life-size cows and other figures carved from butter in a chilled room, the star of American state fairs.
- [Cowboy boot](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/cowboy-boot): Tall leather riding boot with a raised heel and pointed toe, made from cowhide since the cattle drives of the 1800s.
- [Rawhide](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/rawhide): Untanned cattle hide scraped and dried hard, cut into strips and braided into lariats, reins and whips.
- [Condensed milk](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/condensed-milk): Milk with much of its water removed and sugar added, sealed in tins in the 1850s and now a pantry staple worldwide.
- [Dulce de leche](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/dulce-de-leche): Milk and sugar cooked slowly until thick and brown, spread on bread and filled into alfajores across South America.
- [Brigadeiro](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/brigadeiro): Condensed milk cooked with cocoa and butter, rolled into small balls and coated in chocolate sprinkles at every Brazilian party.
- [Tres leches cake](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/tres-leches-cake): Sponge cake soaked in three milks, evaporated, condensed and cream, then topped with whipped cream or meringue.
- [Flat white](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/flat-white): Espresso topped with a thin layer of velvety steamed milk, the everyday coffee of Australia and New Zealand.
- [Pavlova](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/pavlova): Crisp meringue with a soft centre, crowned with whipped cream and fresh fruit for summer Christmas.
- [Hokey pokey ice cream](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/product/hokey-pokey): Vanilla ice cream studded with crunchy lumps of honeycomb toffee, New Zealand's favourite flavour.

## Cattle towns, fairs and pastures
- [Pushkar Fair](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/pushkar): A desert pilgrim town whose autumn fair, held in the days before Kartik Purnima, brings camels, horses and cattle to the dunes.
- [Sonepur Fair](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/sonepur): Where the Gandak meets the Ganga opposite Patna, a fair that begins at Kartik Purnima and has traded animals for centuries.
- [Nagaur cattle fair](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/nagaur): Home of the Nagori bullock and of a large winter cattle fair held on the open ground outside town in the month of Magh.
- [Hisar](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/hisar): A Haryana city whose government livestock farm, dating from 1809, helped shape the Hariana breed of the northern plains.
- [Tharparkar](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/tharparkar): The Sindhi desert that gave its name to the Tharparkar cow, grazed by herders who move with the monsoon rains.
- [Sahiwal](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/sahiwal): The Punjab district that gave its name to the Sahiwal, perhaps the best milk zebu, close to the ruins of Harappa.
- [Junagadh and the Gir forest](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/junagadh-gir): The homeland of the Gir cow in Saurashtra, where Maldhari herders keep cattle inside the last forest of the Asiatic lion.
- [Anand](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/anand): The town where village milk producers organised in 1946 and began the cooperative movement that changed Indian dairying.
- [Vrindavan and the Braj gaushalas](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/vrindavan): The country of Krishna the cowherd, where gaushalas care for thousands of cows and Govardhan Puja is kept after Diwali.
- [Deoni](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/deoni): A small Marathwada town in Latur district that gives its name to the Deoni, a spotted dual-purpose breed of the Deccan.
- [Ongole](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/ongole): The coastal Andhra town behind the Ongole bull, the great white zebu that became the Nelore of Brazil.
- [Punganur](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/punganur): A town in Chittoor district that gives its name to one of the smallest cattle breeds in the world.
- [Tumakuru and the Hallikar country](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/tumakuru-hallikar): The dry country north-west of Bengaluru where the Hallikar, mother of the Mysore draught breeds, is still bred and traded.
- [Ajjampura and the Amrit Mahal kavals](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/ajjampura-amrit-mahal): The breeding station of the Amrit Mahal, the royal draught cattle of Mysore, kept on reserved grasslands called kavals.
- [Kangayam](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/kangayam): A Kongu town that gives its name to the Kangayam bull, bred on fenced grass pastures and traded at a famous spring fair.
- [Alanganallur](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/alanganallur): A village near Madurai whose jallikattu, held during Pongal, is the best known of Tamil Nadu's bull-taming events.
- [Vechoor](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/vechur): A village by Vembanad Lake whose tiny cattle, nearly lost in the 1980s, were saved by a university conservation programme.
- [Ziro and the mithun hills](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/ziro-mithun): A high valley in Arunachal Pradesh where the mithun, a domestic form of the gaur, roams the forest and carries great social weight.
- [Changthang](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/changthang): The high plateau of eastern Ladakh, where Changpa herders move yaks, sheep and pashmina goats between pastures above 4,000 metres.
- [Almora and the Badri hills](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/almora-badri): The Kumaon hills where the small Badri cow, the first registered breed of Uttarakhand, grazes forest slopes.
- [Namche Bazaar and the Khumbu](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/khumbu-namche): The Sherpa trading village below Everest, where yaks and dzo carry loads and a weekly market fills on Saturdays.
- [Bumthang](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/bumthang): Bhutan's central valleys, where Siri cattle, yaks and mithun crosses share high pastures around old temples.
- [Madura and the karapan sapi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/madura): An island off Java known for its bull races, in which pairs of bulls pull a jockey on a wooden sled down a straight track.
- [Bali](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/bali-cattle): The island that gave its name to Bali cattle, domestic banteng that plough rice terraces and are kept pure by local rule.
- [Baluran](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/baluran): A national park at Java's eastern tip, where wild banteng graze open savanna under the slopes of an old volcano.
- [Kobe and Tajima](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/kobe-tajima): The port city that gave its name to Kobe beef, raised from Tajima cattle bred in the hills of northern Hyōgo.
- [Matsusaka](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/matsusaka): A castle town in Mie whose beef comes from heifers raised slowly by local farmers and judged at an annual autumn show.
- [Ōmihachiman and Ōmi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/omihachiman): A canal town on Lake Biwa in the old province of Ōmi, whose beef was sent to the shoguns at a time when beef was rarely eaten.
- [Mishima](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/mishima-island): A small island in the Sea of Japan whose native black cattle, never crossed with foreign breeds, are a national natural monument.
- [Hoengseong](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/hoengseong): A mountain county in Gangwon known across Korea for Hanwoo beef and an autumn festival in its honour.
- [Arkhangai](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/arkhangai): The green Khangai uplands of central Mongolia, where herding families keep yaks, cattle and their hybrids alongside horses, sheep and goats.
- [Almaty and the Alatau pastures](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/almaty-alatau): The mountain pastures above Almaty, home of the Alatau cattle bred in the twentieth century from Swiss and Kazakh stock.
- [Memphis and the Serapeum at Saqqara](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/saqqara-apis): The ancient capital where the Apis bull was kept as a living god, and the desert catacombs where the bulls were buried.
- [The Butana and Kenana plains](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/butana): The dry plains of central Sudan that gave their names to two of Africa's best dairy zebu breeds.
- [Mbarara and Ankole](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/mbarara-ankole): The heart of the old kingdom of Ankole, home of the long-horned Ankole cattle and the Bahima herders who bred them.
- [Nyanza and the royal Inyambo](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/nyanza-inyambo): The old royal capital of Rwanda, where a palace museum keeps a herd of long-horned Inyambo cattle that are sung to by their keepers.
- [Borana and the singing wells](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/borana): The southern Ethiopian rangeland that gave the world the Boran cow, watered in the dry season at deep wells where herders sing.
- [Lake Chad and the Kuri](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/lake-chad-kuri): The islands and shores of Lake Chad, home of the Kuri, cattle with huge swollen horns that swim between grazing grounds.
- [The Maasai Mara](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/maasai-mara): Rangeland in south-west Kenya where Maasai herders graze cattle beside one of Africa's great wildlife reserves.
- [Bor and the Dinka cattle camps](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/bor-dinka): On the White Nile in South Sudan, where Dinka herders move to riverside cattle camps in the dry season.
- [Terekeka and the Mundari camps](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/terekeka-mundari): Cattle camps on the Nile north of Juba, where Mundari herders keep tall, long-horned cattle in clouds of smoke.
- [Diafarabé and the cattle crossing](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/diafarabe): A village on the Niger in Mali where Fulani herders swim their cattle across the river each year in a festival of return.
- [Ambalavao zebu market](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/ambalavao): A highland town in southern Madagascar whose weekly zebu market is the largest on the island.
- [Fouta Djallon](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/fouta-djallon): The highlands of Guinea, homeland of the N'Dama, a small humpless cow that resists sleeping sickness.
- [Zululand and the Nguni](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/zululand-nguni): The hills of northern KwaZulu-Natal, home of the Nguni cow, whose patterned hides have hundreds of names in isiZulu.
- [Mara and the Afrikaner country](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/mara-bonsmara): A government research station in Limpopo where the Bonsmara breed was built on the Afrikaner, the trek ox of South Africa.
- [Fort Worth Stockyards](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/fort-worth-stockyards): Cowtown's old stockyards district, where a herd of Texas Longhorns is driven down Exchange Avenue twice a day.
- [Abilene, Kansas](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/abilene-kansas): The first great railhead of the Texas cattle drives, where herds from the south met the railway to the east from 1867.
- [The Chisholm Trail](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/chisholm-trail): The great cattle trail from Texas to the Kansas railheads, driven by millions of Longhorns between the late 1860s and the 1880s.
- [King Ranch](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/king-ranch): A south Texas ranch founded in 1853, larger than the state of Rhode Island, where the Santa Gertrudis breed was developed.
- [Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/wichita-mountains): A federal refuge in south-west Oklahoma that has kept a herd of Texas Longhorns since 1927, when the breed was nearly lost.
- [Calgary](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/calgary): A prairie city at the foot of the Rockies, built on ranching, whose July Stampede and winter bull sale mark the cattle year.
- [Paynes Prairie](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/paynes-prairie): A Florida state preserve that keeps a herd of Florida Cracker cattle, descendants of the cattle brought by Spanish settlers.
- [Uberaba](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/uberaba): Brazil's zebu capital, where Indian cattle imported in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were bred into a national herd.
- [The Pampas and San Antonio de Areco](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/pampas-areco): The flat grasslands of Argentina, cattle country since colonial days, and the gaucho town that celebrates their traditions.
- [The Llanos](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/llanos): The flooded and sun-dried plains of the Orinoco basin, cattle country since Jesuit missions brought herds in the seventeenth century.
- [The Pantanal](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/pantanal): The world's largest tropical wetland, where cattle have grazed seasonal floodplains alongside wildlife for more than two centuries.
- [Rockhampton](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/rockhampton): Australia's self-styled beef capital, on the Tropic of Capricorn, where zebu-based breeds transformed northern herds.
- [The Kimberley](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/kimberley): A vast region of gorges, rivers and cattle stations in Western Australia's far north, opened by long overland droves in the 1880s.
- [Anna Creek Station](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/anna-creek): The largest working cattle station in the world, in the dry country west of Lake Eyre in outback South Australia.
- [Katherine and the Victoria River District](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/victoria-river): Northern Territory cattle country of huge stations, where the 1966 Wave Hill walk-off changed Australian history.
- [Enderby Island](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/enderby-island): A sub-Antarctic island where cattle lived wild for nearly a century, until the last survivors were rescued and the breed was saved by cloning.
- [The Waikato](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/waikato): New Zealand's dairy heartland, where cows graze green pasture year-round and Fieldays fills the June calendar.
- [Jersey](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/jersey): The Channel Island whose small fawn cows, kept pure by a ban on cattle imports since 1789, are now milked around the world.
- [Guernsey](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/guernsey): The Channel Island of the golden Guernsey cow, whose milk is coloured deep yellow by the carotene of island grass.
- [Alford and the Aberdeen Angus](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/alford-angus): An Aberdeenshire village with a bronze statue of an Aberdeen Angus bull, close to the farm where the breed was shaped.
- [Hereford](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/hereford): A cathedral city on the Wye that gave its name to the white-faced red Hereford, now raised across the world.
- [Castle Douglas and Galloway](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/castle-douglas-galloway): A market town in south-west Scotland, at the heart of the country of the shaggy black Galloway and the Belted Galloway.
- [Oban and the Highland cattle sales](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/oban-highland): A west Highland port that hosts the main sales of Highland cattle, and the island nearby that gave its name to the Luing.
- [Chillingham Park](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/chillingham): A walled park in Northumberland where a herd of white cattle has lived wild, unhandled and unmixed, for centuries.
- [Dinefwr Park](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/dinefwr): A Welsh parkland where white cattle with black ears and muzzles have been tied to the estate for many centuries.
- [Killarney and the Kerry cow](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/killarney-kerry): A national park in south-west Ireland that keeps a herd of Kerry cattle, one of the oldest dairy breeds in Europe.
- [Dishley and Robert Bakewell](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/dishley): The Leicestershire farm where Robert Bakewell pioneered selective breeding in the eighteenth century, starting with Longhorn cattle.
- [Darlington and the Shorthorn](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/darlington-shorthorn): The Tees valley country where the Colling brothers bred the Shorthorn, and where the first cattle herd book was compiled.
- [Charolles and the Brionnais](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/charolles): The Burgundy town that gave its name to the white Charolais, with a weekly cattle market at Saint-Christophe-en-Brionnais.
- [The Aubrac](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/aubrac): A high granite plateau in the Massif Central where decorated cows walk up to summer pasture at a festival in late May.
- [Salers](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/salers): A stone town in the volcanic Cantal that gives its name to mahogany-red cattle and to a cheese made only on summer pasture.
- [The Limousin](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/limousin): The granite uplands of west-central France that gave the world the golden-red Limousin beef breed.
- [Pays d'Auge](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/pays-d-auge): The Normandy orchard country of Camembert, Livarot and Pont-l'Évêque, grazed by the spectacled Normande cow.
- [The Camargue](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/camargue): The Rhône delta, where gardians on white horses herd small black bulls for the course camarguaise, in which the bull is not killed.
- [The Beaufortain](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/beaufortain): A Savoie valley of high summer pastures, where red Tarine and Abondance cows give milk for Beaufort cheese.
- [Lascaux and Montignac](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/lascaux): A cave in the Vézère valley whose Hall of the Bulls holds paintings of aurochs some 17,000 years old.
- [Val di Chiana](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/val-di-chiana): A broad Tuscan valley that gave its name to the Chianina, the tallest cattle breed in the world.
- [The Maremma and the butteri](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/maremma): Coastal Tuscany, where mounted herdsmen called butteri still work grey Maremmana cattle with great lyre-shaped horns.
- [Carrù and the fat ox fair](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/carru): A Piedmontese town whose December fair of fattened oxen, held since 1910, ends with bollito misto at breakfast.
- [Aosta and the bataille de reines](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/aosta): An Alpine valley where cows meet in head-pushing contests through the summer, and the queen of queens is crowned in October.
- [Aproz and the combats de reines](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/aproz-herens): A village near Sion in the Valais that hosts the national final of the cow fights of the black Hérens breed each spring.
- [The Emmental](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/emmental): The green hill country of Bern that gave its name to the cheese with holes, made from the milk of red and white cows.
- [The Simmental](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/simmental): A valley of the Bernese Oberland whose red and white cattle became one of the most numerous breeds on earth.
- [Appenzell](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/appenzell): An eastern Swiss canton where herders in red waistcoats lead brown cows with great bells up to the summer pastures.
- [Pinzgau](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/pinzgau): The mountain valleys of Salzburg that gave their name to the chestnut Pinzgauer, with its white stripe along the back.
- [The Zillertal and Tux](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/zillertal): A Tyrolean valley that gave its name to the Tux-Zillertal cattle, with Tyrol Grey herds on neighbouring alpine pastures.
- [The Allgäu and the Viehscheid](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/allgau): The green foothills of the Alps in southern Germany, where brown cows are brought down from the mountains in September.
- [Leeuwarden and Us Mem](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/leeuwarden): The Frisian capital, with a statue of a cow called Us Mem, Our Mother, honouring the black and white cattle of Friesland.
- [Oostvaardersplassen](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/oostvaardersplassen): A nature reserve on reclaimed land where Heck cattle, Konik horses and red deer graze without human feeding, a much-debated experiment.
- [Hortobágy](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/hortobagy): The great Hungarian puszta, where herds of grey long-horned cattle graze under the eye of mounted herdsmen.
- [Askania-Nova](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/askania-nova): A steppe reserve in southern Ukraine, founded in 1898, that has long kept the grey cattle of the Ukrainian steppe.
- [Jaktorów](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/jaktorow): A village west of Warsaw where the last known aurochs, a cow, died in the royal forest in 1627.
- [Istria and the Boškarin](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/istria-boskarin): The Croatian peninsula whose grey, lyre-horned Boškarin oxen were saved from near extinction in the 1990s.
- [Kalmykia](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/kalmykia): The steppe republic on the lower Volga, home of the Kalmyk people and of the red Kalmyk cattle they brought from Central Asia.
- [Salamanca and the dehesa](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/salamanca-dehesa): Holm oak pasture of western Spain, where beef herds and the bulls bred for the ring graze among scattered trees.
- [Asturias and the Picos de Europa](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/asturias-picos): Green mountain country in northern Spain, where native valley and mountain cattle graze high summer pastures called brañas.
- [Galicia](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/galicia): Spain's green north-west, land of the blond Rubia Gallega and the small Cachena with its great horns.
- [Barroso](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/barroso): A highland of northern Portugal where village bulls with huge horns meet in the chega de bois, and old communal farming survives.
- [Terceira](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/terceira): An island of the Azores, green with dairy pasture, where bulls on long ropes are run through the streets in summer.
- [Eyjafjörður](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/iceland): Iceland's main dairy valley, home of a cattle breed kept isolated since the Norse settlers brought it more than a thousand years ago.
- [Dalarna and the summer farms](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/dalarna-fabod): Swedish forest country where cows are still taken to summer farms in the woods and called home with high, ringing herding songs.
- [Knossos](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/city/knossos): The Bronze Age palace in Crete whose frescoes show young people leaping over charging bulls.

## Days
- [Mattu Pongal](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/mattu-pongal): The third day of Pongal in Tamil Nadu, given to the cattle: bathed, horns painted, garlanded and fed the first of the new rice.
- [Jallikattu at Alanganallur](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/jallikattu-alanganallur): The best-known jallikattu of Tamil Nadu, held near Madurai in the Pongal week, when young men try to hold on to a running bull's hump.
- [Kanuma](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/kanuma-andhra): The day after Sankranti in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, when cattle are washed, decorated and fed in thanks for the harvest.
- [Sankranti and the crossing of fire in Karnataka](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/sankranti-kichchu-haayisuvudu): On Makara Sankranti in rural Karnataka, decorated cattle are led across a low bed of burning straw: kichchu haayisuvudu.
- [Bail Pola](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/bail-pola): The bullocks' festival of Maharashtra and the Vidarbha country: a day of rest, a bath, painted horns and a village procession.
- [Vasu Baras (Govatsa Dwadashi)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/vasu-baras): The first day of Diwali in Maharashtra, when a cow and her calf are worshipped together in thanks for the milk that feeds the home.
- [Tihar: Gai Puja and Goru Puja](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/tihar-gai-puja): In Nepal's festival of lights, the cow is worshipped on Laxmi Puja morning, and the ox is honoured the day after.
- [Govardhan Puja](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/govardhan-puja): The day after Diwali, when Krishna's lifting of Govardhan hill is remembered and the cattle of Braj are bathed, painted and fed.
- [Gopashtami](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/gopashtami): The day Krishna is said to have first taken the cows out to graze: cows and calves are worshipped and gaushalas fill with visitors.
- [Pushkar Camel and Cattle Fair](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/pushkar-fair): A week of trading on the dunes round Pushkar's lake, ending at the full moon of Kartik; camels lead, but cattle are sold too.
- [Sonepur Mela](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/sonepur-mela): The month-long fair at the meeting of the Ganges and the Gandak in Bihar, once the largest cattle fair in Asia.
- [Nagaur Cattle Fair](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/nagaur-cattle-fair): Rajasthan's great winter livestock fair at Nagaur, where the trotting Nagori bullock is the main business of the day.
- [Gai Jatra](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/gai-jatra): The cow procession of the Kathmandu valley, when families who lost someone in the year walk with a cow, or a boy dressed as one.
- [Eid al-Adha cattle markets](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/eid-al-adha-cattle-markets): In the first days of Dhu al-Hijjah, temporary cattle markets fill the cities of Bangladesh and Pakistan before Eid al-Adha.
- [National Milk Day (India)](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/national-milk-day-india): India's milk day, on the birthday of Verghese Kurien, the engineer who built the cooperative dairies of Operation Flood.
- [Losar and the yak dance](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/losar-yak-dance): The Tibetan New Year, when yak dancers in shaggy costumes perform in villages and monasteries from Tibet to Ladakh and Sikkim.
- [Karapan sapi, the President's Cup final](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/karapan-sapi-final): The final of the Madurese bull-racing season, when pairs of yoked bulls pull a jockey on a wooden sledge down a 130-metre track.
- [Royal Ploughing Ceremony](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/royal-ploughing-ceremony): An old royal rite in Bangkok and Phnom Penh opening the rice season, when a pair of sacred oxen choose the foods that foretell the year.
- [Lichun and the spring ox](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/lichun-spring-ox): The start of spring in the Chinese solar calendar, when a clay or paper ox was once whipped to wake the farming year.
- [Kafkasör bull wrestling](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/kafkasor-bull-wrestling): The summer pasture festival above Artvin in northeastern Turkey, where village bulls wrestle head to head on the meadow.
- [Cure Salée at In-Gall](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/cure-salee): At the end of the rains, Tuareg and Wodaabe herders bring their cattle to the salt pools near In-Gall, in northern Niger.
- [The cattle crossing at Diafarabé](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/dewgal-diafarabe): Each late November, Fulani herders swim thousands of cattle across the Niger at Diafarabé to the dry-season pastures of the delta.
- [Savika at Eastertide](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/savika-easter): In the Betsileo highlands of Madagascar, young men wrestle zebu bulls in contests often held around Easter and Pentecost.
- [National Western Stock Show](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/national-western-stock-show): Sixteen January days of cattle judging, sales and rodeo in Denver, held since 1906 and one of the oldest stock shows in the West.
- [Fort Worth Stock Show and Rodeo](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/fort-worth-stock-show): Three weeks of cattle shows and rodeo in the old stockyards city of Fort Worth, Texas, held since 1896.
- [Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/houston-livestock-show): The largest livestock show and rodeo in the world, three weeks each March in Houston, with youth cattle shows at its heart.
- [Calgary Stampede](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/calgary-stampede): Ten days of rodeo, chuckwagon races and cattle shows in Calgary each July, with the city dressed in cowboy hats.
- [Iowa State Fair](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/iowa-state-fair): The great Midwestern farm fair in Des Moines, famous for its life-sized cow sculpted in butter and its crowded cattle barn.
- [World Dairy Expo](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/world-dairy-expo): The dairy world's great autumn show in Madison, Wisconsin, where the best cows of seven breeds compete on the coloured shavings.
- [Royal Agricultural Winter Fair](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/royal-agricultural-winter-fair): Toronto's November farm fair, held since 1922, with Canada's national dairy and beef shows under one roof.
- [Expozebu](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/expozebu): The great zebu fair of Uberaba in Minas Gerais, held since 1935: Brazil's showcase of the humped cattle that fill its pastures.
- [Expointer](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/expointer): Nine days of livestock judging and sales at Esteio near Porto Alegre, the leading farm show of southern Brazil.
- [Exposición Rural de Palermo](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/exposicion-rural-palermo): The Argentine Rural Society's July show in Buenos Aires, held since 1875, where the champions of the pampas are judged.
- [Semana Criolla](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/semana-criolla): In Uruguay's Holy Week, the Prado in Montevideo fills with gauchos, horses, rodeo and the culture of the cattle country.
- [St Anthony's Day and the blessing of animals](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/st-anthony-blessing-of-animals): The feast of St Anthony the Abbot, patron of farm animals, when priests in Spain and Italy bless the livestock of the parish.
- [Imbolc and St Brigid's Day](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/imbolc-st-brigid): The first day of spring in the Irish year, the feast of Brigid, patron of dairy work, cattle and the milking of cows.
- [Beltane and the cattle fires](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/beltane-cattle-fires): The Gaelic first of May, when herds were driven between two fires before going up to the summer pastures.
- [Fête des Gardians](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/fete-des-gardians-arles): On the first of May the mounted cattle herders of the Camargue ride through Arles, with a Mass, games and courses camarguaises.
- [St Wendelin's Day](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/st-wendelin): The feast of the herdsman saint of the Rhineland and the Alps, when cattle and horses are blessed in his processions.
- [Samhain and the coming down of the herds](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/samhain-cattle): The Gaelic first of November: the end of the grazing year, when cattle came home from the hills for the winter.
- [Martinmas](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/martinmas-cattle): St Martin's Day, the old turn of the farming year in northern Europe, when the cattle went into their winter quarters.
- [St Modestos's Day](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/st-modestos): The Greek Orthodox feast of the protector of farm animals, when priests bless the cattle and flocks of the village.
- [Combat de Reines, the national final](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/combat-de-reines-final): In May, the best fighting cows of the Valais meet at Aproz to decide the queen of queens, the reine des reines.
- [Fête de la transhumance on the Aubrac](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/aubrac-transhumance): On the Sunday nearest 25 May, decorated Aubrac cows walk up to the summer pastures of the plateau, with villages lining the way.
- [Alpaufzug, the climb to the summer pastures](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/alpaufzug): In June, herders in the Alps lead their cattle up to the high summer pastures, often with bells, flowers and music.
- [Viehscheid in Bad Hindelang](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/viehscheid-bad-hindelang): On 11 September, about a thousand cattle come down from five alps to Bad Hindelang in the Allgäu and are handed back to their owners.
- [Désalpe](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/desalpe): At the end of September, cows of the Swiss Romande come down from the alpage wearing flowers and great bells, to village festivals.
- [Almabtrieb](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/almabtrieb): From mid-September, herds in Tyrol, Salzburg and Bavaria come down from the alm in decorated processions.
- [Bataille de Reines final in Aosta](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/bataille-de-reines-aosta): The autumn final of the cow fights of the Aosta Valley, held on a Sunday in October at the Croix-Noire arena.
- [San Fermín and the encierro](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/san-fermin-encierro): Pamplona's July feast, when bulls run each morning through the old town's streets to the bullring, with runners ahead of them.
- [Fiesta de la Trashumancia](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/fiesta-trashumancia-madrid): Once a year, shepherds lead their flocks through central Madrid along the old royal drove road, a reminder of the right of way.
- [Hortobágy Bridge Fair](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/hortobagy-bridge-fair): A summer fair at the Nine-holed Bridge on the Hungarian puszta, home of the grey long-horned cattle of the plain.
- [Balmoral Show](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/balmoral-show): Northern Ireland's main agricultural show, four days each May at Balmoral Park near Lisburn, with large cattle classes.
- [Royal Highland Show](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/royal-highland-show): Scotland's national farming show, four days each June at Ingliston near Edinburgh, with the Highland, Angus and Galloway breeds.
- [Great Yorkshire Show](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/great-yorkshire-show): Four days of farming each July at Harrogate, where Yorkshire shows the Shorthorn and its other breeds.
- [Royal Welsh Show](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/royal-welsh-show): Four days each July at Llanelwedd near Builth Wells, the gathering of Welsh farming and the show ring of the Welsh Black.
- [Salon International de l'Agriculture](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/salon-international-agriculture-paris): Paris's great farm show at Porte de Versailles, where a cow chosen as the year's égérie meets the President and the country.
- [Sydney Royal Easter Show](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/sydney-royal-easter-show): The Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales's great show, around Easter at Sydney Olympic Park, with its grand parade of cattle.
- [Beef Australia](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/beef-australia): A week-long gathering of the Australian beef industry at Rockhampton, Queensland, held every three years.
- [Fieldays](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/fieldays-mystery-creek): New Zealand's great farm show at Mystery Creek near Hamilton, four days each June in the heart of dairy country.
- [Ekka](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/ekka-brisbane): The Royal Queensland Show in Brisbane each August, where the tropical cattle of the north come to the city.
- [Canterbury A&P Show](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/canterbury-ap-show): Christchurch's November farm show, the largest A&P show in New Zealand, ending on the city's Show Day holiday.
- [World Milk Day](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/days/world-milk-day): The international milk day set up by the Food and Agriculture Organization, kept by dairy farmers, schools and cooperatives.

## Concepts
- **Aurochs**: The wild ox of Eurasia and North Africa, ancestor of all domestic cattle, which died out in 1627. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/aurochs)
- **Domestication**: The slow process by which wild aurochs became herd animals living with people, beginning more than 10,000 years ago. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/domestication)
- **Taurine cattle**: Humpless cattle descended from aurochs domesticated in the Near East, the type found across Europe and much of Africa and the Americas. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/taurine)
- **Zebu**: Humped cattle descended from aurochs domesticated in South Asia, suited to heat, ticks and poor grazing. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/zebu)
- **Sanga**: The long-horned African cattle that blend taurine and zebu ancestry, with a small hump on the neck. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/sanga)
- **Composite breed**: A breed founded by crossing two or more breeds and then breeding the crosses together until the type is fixed. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/composite-breed)
- **Yak**: The long-haired domestic bovine of the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya, kept for milk, meat, wool, transport and dung fuel. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/yak)
- **Gayal**: The semi-wild domestic bovine of Northeast India, Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh, descended from the gaur. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/gayal)
- **Banteng**: A wild ox of Southeast Asia whose domestic form is Bali cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/banteng)
- **Back-breeding**: Selective breeding of domestic cattle to bring back the look and habits of the extinct aurochs. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/back-breeding)
- **Breed**: A group of cattle with a shared ancestry and look that, mated together, pass on that type. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/breed)
- **Landrace**: A local population of cattle shaped by a place and its people rather than by a written breed standard. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/landrace)
- **Hump**: The raised mound of muscle and fat over the shoulders of zebu cattle, or on the neck of sanga cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/hump)
- **Dewlap**: The loose fold of skin hanging under the throat and chest, very large in zebu cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/dewlap)
- **Withers**: The ridge between the shoulder blades, the highest point of the back, where a cow's height is measured. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/withers)
- **Brisket**: The lower chest of a cow, between and in front of the forelegs. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/brisket)
- **Poll**: The top of a cow's head between the horns, or where the horns would be. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/poll)
- **Muzzle**: The bare, moist skin of the nose and upper lip, whose ridges form a print unique to each animal. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/muzzle)
- **Hock**: The joint halfway down a cow's hind leg, matching the human ankle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/hock)
- **Cloven hoof**: The hoof of cattle, divided into two toes, each with its own horny claw. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cloven-hoof)
- **Switch**: The long tuft of hair at the end of a cow's tail, used to brush away flies. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/switch)
- **Udder**: The milk-producing gland of a cow, made of four separate quarters, each with its own teat. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/udder)
- **Teat**: One of the four milk outlets of a cow's udder, sometimes with small extra ones. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/teat)
- **Horn**: The permanent horn of cattle, a living core of bone covered by a sheath of keratin. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/horn)
- **Lyre horns**: Horns that grow outward and then curve upward like the arms of a lyre. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/lyre-horns)
- **Polled**: Naturally hornless, born without horns because of an inherited gene. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/polled)
- **Scurs**: Small, loose horn-like growths on the heads of some polled cattle, not fixed to the skull. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/scurs)
- **Dehorning**: The removal of horns, or of the horn buds in young calves, to make cattle safer to handle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/dehorning)
- **Polled gene**: The inherited variant on cattle chromosome 1 that stops horns from forming. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/polled-gene)
- **Pied**: Coloured in large patches of white and black, red or brown, as in the Holstein Friesian. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/pied)
- **Belted**: Dark at both ends with a broad white band around the middle of the body. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/belted)
- **Brindle**: A coat of dark stripes over a lighter ground colour, like the marks of a tiger. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/brindle)
- **Roan**: A coat where white and coloured hairs are mixed evenly, giving a soft blue-grey or pinkish look. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/roan)
- **Colour-sided**: A pattern with coloured sides and white along the back and underside of the body. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/colour-sided)
- **Lineback**: A white stripe running along the spine of an otherwise coloured animal. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/lineback)
- **White-faced**: Having a white face on a coloured body, as in the Hereford, a trait passed strongly to crossbred calves. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/white-faced)
- **Dun**: A dull, greyish or yellowish brown coat colour, seen in Galloways, Dexters and Highland cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/dun)
- **Calf**: A young bovine from birth until weaning, usually up to about six to ten months old. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/calf)
- **Heifer**: A young female that has not yet had a calf, or in some usage has had only one. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/heifer)
- **Cow**: A grown female bovine that has had at least one calf; in everyday speech, any domestic cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cow)
- **Kine**: An old English plural of cow, still met in the Bible and in poetry. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/kine)
- **Bull**: An adult male bovine that has not been castrated and is kept for breeding. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bull)
- **Steer**: A male castrated young and raised mainly for beef, in North American and Australian usage. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/steer)
- **Bullock**: A castrated male bovine; in India and Australia, especially one used for draught work. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bullock)
- **Ox**: A grown castrated male trained for draught work; also an old word for any bovine. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/ox)
- **Freemartin**: A usually infertile heifer born as twin to a bull calf. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/freemartin)
- **Herd book**: The official register of pedigree animals of a breed, recording parents, births and identity. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/herd-book)
- **Breed society**: An association of breeders that keeps a breed's herd book, sets its standard and promotes it. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/breed-society)
- **Crossbreeding**: Mating animals of different breeds to combine their strengths in the offspring. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/crossbreeding)
- **F1 hybrid**: The first-generation offspring of two different breeds or species. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/f1-hybrid)
- **Heterosis**: The extra performance of crossbred animals over the average of their parent breeds. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/heterosis)
- **Backcrossing**: Mating a crossbred animal back to one of its parent breeds. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/backcrossing)
- **Grading up**: Turning a herd of one breed into another by using purebred bulls of the new breed generation after generation. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/grading-up)
- **Artificial insemination**: Placing semen from a chosen bull into a cow by hand, without natural mating. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/artificial-insemination)
- **Embryo transfer**: Collecting embryos from a valuable cow and placing them in other cows to carry to birth. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/embryo-transfer)
- **Progeny testing**: Judging a bull's breeding value from the measured performance of his daughters or offspring. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/progeny-testing)
- **Genomic selection**: Choosing breeding animals by reading many DNA markers to predict their genetic merit early in life. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/genomic-selection)
- **Double muscling**: An inherited condition giving cattle greatly enlarged muscles, especially over the hindquarters. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/double-muscling)
- **Myostatin**: A protein that limits muscle growth; altered versions of its gene cause double muscling. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/myostatin)
- **A2 milk**: Milk from cows carrying only the A2 form of the protein beta-casein; a description of its protein type. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/a2-milk)
- **Butterfat**: The fat in milk, measured as a percentage, which gives cream, butter and ghee. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/butterfat)
- **Lactation**: The period after calving during which a cow gives milk, usually measured as 305 days in dairy records. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/lactation)
- **Dry period**: The rest of several weeks before calving when a cow is not milked. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/dry-period)
- **Marbling**: Fine flecks of fat within the lean of beef, used in grading meat. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/marbling)
- **Conformation**: The shape and structure of an animal's body, judged against what suits its breed and purpose. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/conformation)
- **Frame score**: A number, usually from 1 to 9, describing a beef animal's skeletal size from its hip height and age. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/frame-score)
- **Miniature cattle**: Breeds or lines of cattle that stand under about a metre at the withers when grown. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/miniature-cattle)
- **Transhumance**: The seasonal movement of herders and their animals between summer and winter pastures. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/transhumance)
- **Almabtrieb**: The autumn return of cattle from the high alpine pastures to the valleys, with decorated cows. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/almabtrieb)
- **Désalpe**: The autumn descent of herds from alpine pastures in French-speaking Switzerland and the French Alps. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/desalpe)
- **Alpage**: A high mountain pasture grazed only in summer, often with a hut for making cheese. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/alpage)
- **Shieling**: A summer hill pasture with a simple hut, used by herders in Scotland and Scandinavia. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/shieling)
- **Kulning**: A high-pitched Scandinavian song used to call cattle and goats home from the forest pastures. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/kulning)
- **Cattle drive**: Moving a large herd overland on foot, from range to market or between grazing lands. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-drive)
- **Drover**: A person who drives cattle or other livestock over long distances to market or new pasture. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/drover)
- **Droving road**: A broad track used for walking livestock across country to fairs and markets. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/droving-road)
- **Cowboy**: A mounted cattle herder of the North American West. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cowboy)
- **Vaquero**: The Mexican and Spanish horseback cattle herder whose skills shaped ranching across the Americas. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/vaquero)
- **Gaucho**: The horseback herder of the pampas of Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/gaucho)
- **Huaso**: The Chilean countryman and horseman of the central valley, known for rodeo. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/huaso)
- **Llanero**: The cattle herder of the Llanos, the tropical plains of Venezuela and Colombia. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/llanero)
- **Paniolo**: The Hawaiian cowboy, whose tradition began with Mexican vaqueros in the 1830s. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/paniolo)
- **Stockman**: A person who works with livestock; in Australia, a skilled cattle hand on a station. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/stockman)
- **Cattle station**: A large cattle property in Australia, often thousands of square kilometres in size. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-station)
- **Ranch**: A large farm for raising cattle or other grazing animals, especially in the Americas. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/ranch)
- **Mustering**: Gathering cattle from open country so they can be counted, branded, treated or sold. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/mustering)
- **Stockyard**: A set of fenced pens where cattle are held for sorting, sale or shipping. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/stockyard)
- **Feedlot**: A yard where beef cattle are kept in pens and fed grain-based rations before slaughter. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/feedlot)
- **Pasture**: Land with grass and other plants grazed by livestock. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/pasture)
- **Rotational grazing**: Moving cattle through a series of paddocks so each one can rest and regrow. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/rotational-grazing)
- **Conservation grazing**: Using grazing animals to keep wild habitats such as meadows, heaths and wetlands open. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/conservation-grazing)
- **Hay**: Grass and other plants cut and dried in the field to feed cattle in winter or the dry season. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/hay)
- **Silage**: Green fodder stored airtight so that it ferments and keeps, used to feed cattle out of season. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/silage)
- **Grass-fed**: Describes cattle raised wholly or mostly on grazed grass and forage rather than grain. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/grass-fed)
- **Nose ring**: A ring or rope through the soft septum of the nose, used to lead and control bulls and working cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/nose-ring)
- **Yoke**: A wooden beam that joins two draught animals so they can pull together. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/yoke)
- **Plough**: A farming tool drawn through the soil to break and turn it before sowing, for millennia pulled by oxen. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/plough)
- **Bullock cart**: A two-wheeled cart drawn by a pair of bullocks or oxen, long the main farm transport of South Asia. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bullock-cart)
- **Persian wheel**: A water-lifting wheel turned by bullocks walking in a circle, raising pots of water from a well. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/persian-wheel)
- **Kolhu**: A mill turned by a bullock walking in a circle, used to press oil from seeds or crush sugarcane. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/kolhu)
- **Threshing**: Separating grain from straw, traditionally done by driving cattle round over the harvested sheaves. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/threshing)
- **Ox shoe**: A thin iron plate fitted in pairs to each foot of a working ox, one for each claw. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/ox-shoe)
- **Kraal**: A cattle enclosure in southern Africa, traditionally at the heart of the homestead. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/kraal)
- **Boma**: An enclosure of thorn bushes that protects cattle at night in East Africa. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/boma)
- **Cattle egret**: A small white heron that follows grazing cattle to catch the insects they disturb. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-egret)
- **Oxpecker**: An African bird that rides on cattle and wild animals, eating ticks and other parasites. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/oxpecker)
- **Cowbell**: A bell hung from a cow's neck so herders can hear where the animals are. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cowbell)
- **Bell cow**: The lead cow of a herd, wearing the bell that the others follow. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bell-cow)
- **Branding**: Marking cattle permanently on the hide with an owner's sign, made with a hot or very cold iron. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/branding)
- **Earmark**: A cut or notch in a pattern on an animal's ear to show who owns it. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/earmark)
- **Ear tag**: A plastic or metal tag fixed in the ear and printed with a unique number to identify the animal. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/ear-tag)
- **Rinderpest**: A deadly viral disease of cattle, declared eradicated worldwide in 2011. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/rinderpest)
- **Foot-and-mouth disease**: A highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causing blisters in the mouth and on the feet. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/foot-and-mouth-disease)
- **Lumpy skin disease**: A viral disease of cattle spread by biting insects, causing firm lumps across the skin. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/lumpy-skin-disease)
- **Trypanosomiasis**: A wasting disease of cattle caused by blood parasites carried by tsetse flies, known in Africa as nagana. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/trypanosomiasis)
- **Tsetse fly**: A blood-feeding fly of tropical Africa that spreads trypanosomes to cattle and people. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/tsetse-fly)
- **East Coast fever**: A tick-borne disease of cattle in eastern, central and southern Africa, caused by Theileria parva. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/east-coast-fever)
- **Ticks**: Blood-sucking parasites that live on cattle and spread several diseases, a major problem in warm climates. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/ticks)
- **BSE**: A fatal brain disease of cattle caused by misfolded proteins, first identified in Britain in 1986. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bse)
- **Bloat**: A dangerous build-up of gas in the rumen that swells a cow's left side. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bloat)
- **Milk fever**: A drop in blood calcium around calving that leaves a cow weak and unable to stand. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/milk-fever)
- **Mastitis**: Inflammation of the udder, usually caused by bacterial infection, the commonest disease of dairy cows. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/mastitis)
- **Bovine tuberculosis**: A chronic bacterial disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium bovis, controlled by testing herds. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bovine-tuberculosis)
- **Brucellosis**: A bacterial disease causing abortion in cattle, controlled by vaccination and testing. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/brucellosis)
- **Rumen**: The first and largest chamber of a cow's stomach, where microbes ferment plant matter. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/rumen)
- **Cud**: Food brought back up from the rumen to be chewed again, as cattle rest. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cud)
- **Ruminant**: A hoofed mammal with a four-chambered stomach that chews the cud, such as cattle, sheep and deer. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/ruminant)
- **Gestation**: The length of pregnancy in cattle, about nine months or roughly 280 to 290 days. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/gestation)
- **Calving**: The birth of a calf, and the season when a herd's calves are born. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/calving)
- **Colostrum**: The thick first milk a cow makes after calving, rich in antibodies for the newborn calf. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/colostrum)
- **Weaning**: Taking a calf off its mother's milk, so that it lives on grazing and feed alone. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/weaning)
- **Milking parlour**: A building where cows are milked by machine, standing in rows, in a herringbone or on a rotating platform. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/milking-parlour)
- **Lasso**: A long rope with a running noose, thrown to catch cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/lasso)
- **Cattle grid**: A row of bars across a road over a shallow pit, which vehicles can cross but cattle will not. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-grid)
- **Kamadhenu**: The divine wish-granting cow of Hindu tradition, mother of all cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/kamadhenu)
- **Nandi**: The bull who is the mount and gatekeeper of Shiva, whose image faces the sanctum of Shiva temples. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/nandi)
- **Gau Mata**: The Hindu idea of the cow as a mother, honoured for the milk she gives and treated as sacred. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/gau-mata)
- **Gaushala**: A shelter where cows, especially old, unproductive or abandoned ones, are kept and cared for. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/gaushala)
- **Panjrapole**: A Jain-run refuge for sick, old and injured animals, found mainly in Gujarat and Rajasthan. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/panjrapole)
- **Go-daan**: The Hindu gift of a cow, given as an act of merit, often at life's turning points. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/go-daan)
- **Gobar**: Cow dung, used across South Asia as fuel, plaster, fertiliser and in ritual. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/gobar)
- **Panchagavya**: A traditional mixture of five products of the cow, used in Hindu ritual and in some farming practice. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/panchagavya)
- **Gopashtami**: A Hindu festival honouring cows and cowherds, on the eighth day of the bright half of Kartika. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/gopashtami)
- **Govardhan**: The hill near Mathura that Krishna lifted to shelter the cowherds, honoured on the day after Diwali. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/govardhan)
- **Gopala**: Krishna as the cowherd boy of Braj, protector of cows. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/gopala)
- **Mattu Pongal**: The cattle day of the Tamil harvest festival of Pongal, when cows and bullocks are bathed, decorated and honoured. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/mattu-pongal)
- **Pola**: A bullock festival of Maharashtra and central India, when working bullocks are rested, decorated and honoured. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/pola)
- **Temple bull**: A bull dedicated to a deity or released in the name of the dead, left to roam freely in Indian towns and villages. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/temple-bull)
- **Cow protection laws**: Laws that restrict or prohibit the slaughter of cattle, found in most Indian states and in Nepal. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cow-protection-laws)
- **Sacred cow**: An English idiom for an idea or institution held to be beyond criticism, drawn from the Hindu reverence for the cow. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/sacred-cow)
- **Red heifer**: The unblemished red cow of the Hebrew Bible whose ashes were used for ritual purification. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/red-heifer)
- **Apis**: The sacred bull of Memphis in ancient Egypt, chosen by his markings and buried with great ceremony. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/apis)
- **Hathor**: An ancient Egyptian goddess shown as a cow or as a woman with cow's horns and a sun disc. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/hathor)
- **Bull-leaping**: A Bronze Age Cretan ritual or sport in which young people grasped a charging bull's horns and vaulted over its back. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bull-leaping)
- **Minotaur**: The Greek mythical creature with a man's body and a bull's head, kept in the Labyrinth of Crete. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/minotaur)
- **Europa and the bull**: The Phoenician princess carried across the sea to Crete by Zeus in the form of a white bull. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/europa)
- **Tauroctony**: The central image of the Roman mystery cult of Mithras, showing the god killing a bull. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/tauroctony)
- **Golden calf**: The golden image of a calf made by the Israelites in the Book of Exodus while Moses was on Mount Sinai. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/golden-calf)
- **Lascaux**: A cave in south-west France whose walls hold large paintings of aurochs, made about 17,000 years ago. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/lascaux)
- **Auðumbla**: The primeval cow of Norse myth, whose milk fed the first giant and whose licking freed the first god. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/audumbla)
- **Bull of Heaven**: The divine bull sent against Gilgamesh in the Mesopotamian epic, killed by him and Enkidu. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bull-of-heaven)
- **Cattle of Helios**: The sacred herds of the sun god in Homer's Odyssey, whose killing by Odysseus's crew brought their doom. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-of-helios)
- **Year of the Ox**: The second year in the twelve-year cycle of the Chinese zodiac, associated with diligence and steadiness. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/year-of-the-ox)
- **Táin Bó Cúailnge**: The central epic of early Irish literature, telling of a war fought over a famous brown bull. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/tain-bo-cuailnge)
- **Cattle raiding**: The taking of cattle by force from another group, long a part of herding life in many regions. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-raiding)
- **Lobola**: The southern African custom of bride wealth, traditionally paid in cattle by the groom's family. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/lobola)
- **Bride wealth**: Gifts, often of cattle, given by a groom's family to the bride's family to seal a marriage. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bride-wealth)
- **Cattle complex**: Melville Herskovits's 1926 term for the central place of cattle in the social and religious life of East African peoples. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-complex)
- **Song ox**: Among the Dinka and Nuer of South Sudan, a favourite ox with which a young man identifies and about which he composes songs. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/song-ox)
- **Dinka**: A people of South Sudan whose life, language and art centre on cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/dinka)
- **Nuer**: A cattle-herding people of South Sudan and Ethiopia, well known in anthropology through E. E. Evans-Pritchard's study. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/nuer)
- **Mundari**: A small cattle-herding people of South Sudan, known for their large long-horned cattle and smoky cattle camps. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/mundari)
- **Cattle camp**: A seasonal camp where herders and their cattle live together, especially in the dry season in South Sudan. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-camp)
- **Fulani**: A people spread across West and Central Africa, many of them herders who move cattle with the seasons. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/fulani)
- **Pulaaku**: The Fulani code of conduct, combining self-control, patience, good sense and care for cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/pulaaku)
- **Maasai**: A pastoral people of Kenya and Tanzania for whom cattle are the centre of life and belief. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/maasai)
- **Inyambo**: The long-horned royal cattle of Rwanda, trained to walk and stand in ceremonies to song. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/inyambo)
- **Hamar bull jumping**: A coming-of-age rite of the Hamar people of southern Ethiopia, in which a young man runs across the backs of a line of cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/hamar-bull-jumping)
- **Jallikattu**: A bull-taming contest of Tamil Nadu, held around Pongal, in which participants try to hold on to a running bull's hump. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/jallikattu)
- **Kambala**: A buffalo race through flooded paddy fields in coastal Karnataka; it uses water buffalo, not cattle. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/kambala)
- **Karapan sapi**: The bull races of Madura Island, Indonesia, in which pairs of bulls pull a jockey on a wooden sled. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/karapan-sapi)
- **Bullock cart race**: Races of bullock pairs pulling light carts, held in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and elsewhere. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bullock-cart-race)
- **Combat de reines**: Contests in the Valais and the Aosta Valley in which Hérens cows push each other to decide a queen. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/combat-de-reines)
- **Bull wrestling**: Contests in which two bulls push head to head until one gives way, held in Japan, Turkey, Oman and elsewhere. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bull-wrestling)
- **Bullfighting**: A spectacle in which people confront a bull in an arena, in several styles across Spain, Portugal, southern France and Latin America. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bullfighting)
- **Rodeo**: A competitive sport grown from ranch work, with riding and roping events, popular across the Americas and Australia. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/rodeo)
- **Bull riding**: A rodeo event in which a rider tries to stay on a bucking bull for eight seconds, holding on with one hand. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/bull-riding)
- **Cattle show**: An event where cattle are exhibited and judged against breed standards for prizes. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-show)
- **Judging**: Placing cattle in order of merit by eye and hand against the ideal for their breed and purpose. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/judging)
- **Cattle fair**: A large periodic market where cattle are bought and sold, often alongside a religious festival. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-fair)
- **Highland coo**: The Scots name for a Highland cow, the shaggy long-horned breed of the Scottish Highlands. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/highland-coo)
- **Cattle dog**: A dog bred to herd and drive cattle, often by nipping at their heels. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/cattle-dog)
- **Qurbani**: The sacrifice of a livestock animal at Eid al-Adha, in which a cow may be shared among seven people. (https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/concepts/qurbani)

## Breeds
- [Yak](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/yak), Mongolia: A shaggy, cold-hardy highland bovine kept across the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau
- [Tauros](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/tauros-programme), Netherlands: A breeding-back project building hardy cattle to stand in for the extinct aurochs
- [Dzo](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/dzo), Mongolia: A yak-cow hybrid from Tibet and Mongolia, bigger than either parent
- [Banteng](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/banteng), Indonesia: A wild Southeast Asian ox; its tame form, Bali cattle, runs feral in northern Australia
- [Gayal](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/gayal), India: A semi-domesticated bovine of the Eastern Himalayas, kept for meat, milk and ceremony
- [Indian aurochs](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/indian-aurochs), India: An extinct wild ancestor of zebu cattle that lived in South Asia until the Stone Age.
- [Bali cattle](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/bali), Indonesia: A small humped breed from Indonesia, descended from wild banteng, kept for meat and plowing.
- [Aurochs](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/aurochs), Poland: The wild ancestor of all domestic cattle, extinct since 1627
- [Wild yak](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/wild-yak), China: A massive, shaggy wild bovine native to the high plateaux and peaks of the Himalayas
- [Zebu](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/zebu), Pakistan: Humped, heat-tolerant cattle of South Asia, kept for milk, meat, work and riding
- [Holstein Friesian](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/holstein-friesian), Netherlands: A black and white dairy breed kept worldwide, with red and white lines too
- [Hereford](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/hereford), United Kingdom: A red and white beef breed from Herefordshire, England, known for its white face and hardiness.
- [Brahman](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/american-brahman), United States: An American beef breed with a hump and grey or red coat, bred from Indian zebu cattle
- [Simmental](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/simmental), Switzerland: A large dual-purpose breed from the Swiss Simme valley, red and white with strong growth rates.
- [Charolais](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/charolais), France: A large French taurine beef breed from eastern France, white to cream with pink noses and curved horns.
- [Ayrshire](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/ayrshire), United Kingdom: Red-and-white dairy cattle from south-west Scotland, hardy, long-lived and easy calvers
- [Belgian Blue](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/belgian-blue), Belgium: A muscular beef breed from Belgium known for its blue-grey coat and double-muscling gene.
- [Heck](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/heck), Germany: A German type bred in the 1920s to recreate the extinct aurochs
- [Texas Longhorn](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/texas-longhorn), United States: American beef cattle, once feral on Texas ranges, with horn spreads beyond 2.4 m
- [Shorthorn](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/shorthorn), United Kingdom: A historic British breed from north-east England, kept for milk and meat with red, white or roan coats.
- [Ankole-Watusi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/ankole-watusi), United States: A large-horned American breed derived from African Sanga cattle, kept for its distinctive horns and hardy build.
- [Braunvieh](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/braunvieh), Switzerland: A large Alpine brown dairy breed from Switzerland, known for its strength and high milk yield.
- [Chianina](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/chianina), Italy: A massive white Italian breed known for beef production and historic draught work in Tuscany.
- [Galloway](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/galloway), United Kingdom: A polled black beef breed from south-west Scotland with a thick double coat
- [Hungarian Grey](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/hungarian-grey), Hungary: A tall, long-horned Podolic breed from the Hungarian plains, kept for beef and draught work.
- [Beefalo](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/beefalo), United States: A cattle and bison hybrid raised for beef in the United States
- [Brown Swiss](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/brown-swiss), United States: A medium-sized American dairy breed descended from the Alpine Braunvieh, kept for high milk yield and cheese-making.
- [Guernsey](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/guernsey), United States: A fawn dairy breed from Guernsey, its milk tinted gold by beta-carotene
- [Danish Red](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/danish-red), United States: A red Danish dairy breed, with a modern line and a 1970 line
- [Sahiwal](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/sahiwal), Pakistan: A heat-tolerant zebu from the Punjab, kept for milk, meat and draught work
- [Gir](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/gyr), India: A humped dairy breed from Gujarat, red and white with long drooping ears and a domed forehead
- [Dexter](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/dexter), Ireland: A small Irish dual-purpose breed, usually black or red, kept for milk and beef on poor land.
- [Pinzgauer](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/pinzgauer), Austria: Chestnut Austrian cattle with a broad white stripe along the back and belly
- [Blonde d'Aquitaine](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/blonde-d-aquitaine), France: A big wheat-coated beef breed from south-west France, born of three old draught lines
- [Nelore](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/nelore), India: A large humped beef breed from India, now dominant in Brazil and known for heat tolerance and parasite resistance.
- [Santa Gertrudis](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/santa-gertrudis), United States: A red American beef breed created from zebu and European cattle in Texas.
- [Piedmontese](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/piedmontese), Italy: A white Italian beef breed known for double muscling and premium lean meat.
- [Normande](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/normande), France: A large red-pied French dual-purpose breed, kept for rich milk and marbled beef
- [Hanwoo](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/hanwoo), South Korea: A small, brown taurine breed from Korea, once used for work and now prized for its premium beef.
- [Kalmyk](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/kalmyk), Mongolia: A compact red beef breed of the old Soviet Union, noted for exceptional toughness
- [Montbéliarde](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/montbeliarde), France: A red and white dairy breed from eastern France, prized for cheesemaking milk.
- [German Black Pied](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/german-black-pied), Germany: A dairy breed of the North Sea coast, black and white, smaller than the Holstein
- [Red Sindhi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/red-sindhi), Pakistan: A humped dairy zebu from Sindh in Pakistan, deep red, with short curved horns
- [N'Dama](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/n-dama), Guinea: A West African breed that can live where tsetse flies carry trypanosomiasis
- [Alatau](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/alatau), Kazakhstan: A dual-purpose beef and dairy breed from Kazakhstan, named after the Alatau Mountains
- [Ongole](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/ongole), India: A short-horned zebu breed from Andhra Pradesh, white with dark markings, used for work and milk.
- [Afrikaner](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/afrikaner), South Africa: A Sanga-type breed from South Africa, deep red with long horns, kept for beef and draught work.
- [Latvian Brown](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/latvian-brown), Latvia: A red dairy breed from Latvia, developed from Angeln stock and once numbering over a million head.
- [Fleckvieh](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/fleckvieh), Austria: A large Central European dual-purpose breed, red and white pied or solid red, kept for milk and beef.
- [Abondance](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/abondance), France: A red and white dairy breed from the French Alps, kept for milk and mountain grazing.
- [Buša](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/busa), Croatia: A little mountain cow of the Balkans with short horns, kept for milk, meat and work
- [Belted Galloway](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/belted-galloway), United Kingdom: A polled Scottish beef breed with a distinctive white belt around its black body.
- [Kazakh Whiteheaded](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/kazakh-whiteheaded), Kazakhstan: A Hereford-like beef breed from Kazakhstan and the lower Volga, horned and hardy
- [Swedish Red-and-White](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/swedish-red-and-white), Sweden: A red and white Swedish milk breed with horns on cows and bulls alike
- [Hariana](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/hariana), India: A medium to large dual-purpose zebu from Haryana, white to grey with short horns.
- [Tharparkar](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/tharparkar), Pakistan: A hardy zebu breed from the Thar Desert, white to grey with a firm hump, kept for milk and work.
- [Salers](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/salers), France: A large dual-purpose breed from the Cantal mountains of France, red or black with lyre-shaped horns.
- [Vechur](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/vechur), India: The world's smallest cattle breed from Kerala, kept for efficient milk production.
- [Deoni](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/deoni), India: A horned draught breed from Maharashtra, kept for work and milk
- [Lakenvelder](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/lakenvelder), Netherlands: A small Dutch dual-purpose breed with a black or red coat and a broad white belt around the middle.
- [Boškarin](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/boskarin), Croatia: A gray dual-purpose breed from the Istrian peninsula, kept for milk and gourmet beef.
- [Ukrainian Grey](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/ukrainian-grey), Ukraine: An ancient grey Podolian breed from Ukraine, kept for draught work and meat.
- [Japanese Black](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/japanese-black), Japan: A black-coated Japanese beef breed whose Tajima strain supplies Kobe beef
- [English Longhorn](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/english-longhorn), United Kingdom: A large horned beef breed from northern England, marked by a white line along the spine
- [Hérens](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/herens), Switzerland: A small black or red Swiss alpine breed kept for cow fighting and mountain grazing.
- [Fjäll](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/fjall), Sweden: A polled, mostly white dairy cow from the Swedish mountains, hardy on thin grazing.
- [Khillari](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/khillari), India: A draft breed from Maharashtra and Karnataka, compact with sweeping horns and grey-white coats.
- [Icelandic](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/icelandic), Iceland: A small, mostly polled dairy breed isolated in Iceland for a thousand years
- [Malvi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/malvi), India: A white or grey zebu of the Malwa plateau, kept for the yoke and poor at milk
- [Kankrej](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/kankrej), India: A grey zebu from the dry Rann of Kutch, kept for milk and for work oxen
- [Tarentaise](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/tarentaise), France: A French alpine breed from the Tarentaise valley, kept for cheese and for crossing
- [Maine-Anjou](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/maine-anjou), France: A red and white French beef breed from the Maine country, once a milk and meat animal
- [Punganur](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/punganur), India: A tiny zebu of the Andhra Pradesh hills, kept for milk and draught work
- [Bestuzhev](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/bestuzhev), Uzbekistan: A dual-purpose Uzbek breed of the Soviet era, resistant to bovine leukosis
- [Maremmana](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/maremmana), Italy: A big grey Podolic beef breed from the old marshes of the Maremma in central Italy
- [Marchigiana](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/marchigiana), Italy: A large white or grey Italian beef breed from the Marche, once worked as an ox
- [Menorquina](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/menorquina), Spain: A red, hornless dairy breed from the Spanish island of Menorca, prized for Mahón cheese production.
- [Brangus](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/brangus), United States: A black polled beef breed from the United States, combining Angus meat quality with Brahman heat tolerance.
- [Sanga cattle](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/sanga), Sudan: The umbrella name for native African cattle, mixing humpless taurine and zebu blood
- [Senepol](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/senepol), United States: A polled red beef breed from St Croix, built for heat and insects
- [Rathi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/rathi), India: A brown and white dairy breed from the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, kept by nomadic Rath herders.
- [Japanese Polled](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/japanese-polled), Japan: A small black Japanese beef breed, hornless in both sexes
- [Cachena](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/cachena), Portugal: A small Iberian breed from northern Portugal and Galicia, kept for beef and formerly for draught work.
- [Hallikar](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/hallikar), India: A draught breed from Karnataka, India, known for strength and the ability of both oxen and cows to plough.
- [Nguni](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/nguni), South Africa: A multi-coloured Sanga breed from Southern Africa, valued for disease resistance and hardiness.
- [Amrit Mahal](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/amrit-mahal), India: A draught breed from Karnataka, bred for war and endurance by the Mysore royal household.
- [Polish Red](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/polish-red), Poland: A red Polish breed kept for both milk and beef
- [Bargur](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/bargur), India: A compact zebu from the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, brown with white patches and known for speed.
- [Malnad Gidda](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/malnad-gidda), India: A small, dark humpless breed from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, kept for milk and draught work.
- [Gangatiri](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/gangatiri), India: A dual-purpose breed from the Ganga country, with cows that milk fairly well
- [Swedish Red Polled](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/swedish-red-polled), Sweden: A hornless red Swedish cow kept for milk and meat, once reduced to about 20 animals.
- [Luing](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/luing), United Kingdom: A hardy red or dun beef cow from Luing, a Hebridean island, first made in 1947
- [Vosgienne](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/vosgienne), France: A medium-sized French breed from the Vosges mountains, kept for milk and meat
- [Pustertaler Sprinzen](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/pustertaler-sprinzen), Italy: Rare colour-sided Alpine cattle from South Tyrol: white with brown or black flank patches
- [Western Finncattle](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/western-finncattle), Finland: A red, hornless dual-purpose breed from western Finland, kept for milk and beef
- [Dangi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/dangi), India: An indigenous draught breed from the Dangs hills whose skin oil copes with heavy rain
- [Gaolao](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/gaolao), India: A large, white to grey zebu from central India, kept for milk and draught work
- [Ponwar](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/ponwar), India: A small black-and-white zebu from Pilibhit, kept for cart work and quick to anger
- [Red Poll](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/red-poll), United Kingdom: A naturally hornless red English breed, kept for milk and beef
- [Murnau-Werdenfels](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/murnau-werdenfels), Germany: A long-lived brown dairy breed of the Bavarian uplands, milk and beef
- [Kangayam](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/kangayam), India: A grey Tamil draught zebu whose bulls run in races and in the Jallikattu arena
- [Japanese Brown](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/japanese-brown), Japan: A small brown beef breed from Kōchi and Kumamoto, one of the four wagyū
- [Kerry](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/kerry), Ireland: A rare black dairy breed from southwest Ireland, one of Europe's oldest milk cattle
- [Guzerá](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/guzera), Brazil: A Brazilian humped breed from Kankrej and Crioulo stock, usually grey or white
- [Väneko](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/vaneko), Sweden: An endangered Swedish dairy breed, black or red with white, named for a village
- [Estonian native](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/estonian-native), Estonia: A polled dairy breed from Estonia, yellow-brown to red, with a herdbook since 1914
- [Lithuanian Red](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/lithuanian-red), Lithuania: A red beef breed from Lithuania, bred from Danish Red and local cattle
- [Tyrol Grey](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/tyrol-grey), Austria: An alpine dual-purpose breed of the Tyrol, milked and fattened
- [Tux-Zillertal](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/tux-zillertal), Austria: A stocky Alpine breed from Tirol, black or red, once bred for cow-fighting contests.
- [Canchim](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/canchim), Brazil: A Brazilian beef breed, white to cream, with a small hump, bred from zebu and Charolais
- [Aosta Black Pied](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/aosta-black-pied), Italy: A short-horned, black-pied dual-purpose breed from the Aosta Valley in Italy
- [Alambadi](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/alambadi), India: A humped draught breed from Tamil Nadu, horned and now close to extinction
- [South Devon](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/south-devon), United Kingdom: Huge pale-red beef cattle from Devon and Cornwall, once milked and worked as oxen
- [Ramo Grande](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/ramo-grande), Portugal: A large red-brown cattle breed from Terceira in the Azores, once used for work and milk
- [Irish Moiled](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/irish-moiled), Ireland: A rare hornless Irish breed, red with a white back stripe, used for milk and beef
- [Corse](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/corsican), France: A small tan cow from Corsica, once the island's plough ox, now reared free-range for beef
- [Pajuna](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/pajuna), Spain: An endangered Andalusian breed, dark bulls and red-brown cows, once used for draught work
- [Nimari](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/nimari), India: A red, white-patched draught zebu from the Nimar region of central India
- [Bachaur](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/bachaur), India: A small, compact draught breed from the Mithila region of north Bihar, a brisk trotter
- [Japanese Shorthorn](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/japanese-shorthorn), Japan: A small Japanese beef breed of the north, red, roan or red-pied, horned in both sexes
- [Kasaragod Dwarf](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/kasaragod-dwarf), India: A one-metre zebu from the hills of Kasaragod district, kept for its milk
- [Red Chittagong](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/red-chittagong), Bangladesh: A small red zebu from southern Bangladesh, kept for milk, meat and work.
- [Armoricaine](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/armoricaine), France: A red and white Breton cow kept for milk and meat, once down to forty head
- [Madura](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/madura), Indonesia: A small reddish-brown Indonesian hybrid of zebu and banteng, raced with a sled
- [Umblachery](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/umblachery), India: A small grey zebu from the Tamil Nadu coast, bred as an ox for rice paddies
- [Bohuskulla](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/bohuskulla), Sweden: A rare, hornless Swedish mountain breed, usually black or brown and often colour-sided
- [Caracu](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/caracu), Brazil: A solid-red Brazilian Criollo beef breed from Minas Gerais, humpless and horned
- [Aulie-Ata](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/aulie-ata), Kazakhstan: A dairy breed from Kazakhstan, made from native stock and Dutch Black Pied
- [Telemark](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/telemarkfe), Norway: A small red dairy breed from Telemark in Norway, with a white cross on the back
- [Taurus cattle](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/taurus-project), Germany: Long-legged cross-bred cattle bred in Germany to stand in for the extinct aurochs
- [Abigar](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/abigar), Ethiopia: A hardy sanga breed of western Ethiopia and Sudan, kept for milk and beef
- [Caucasian Brown](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/caucasian-brown), Armenia: A variable brown breed of the Caucasus, kept for milk and for milk with meat
- [Kenkatha](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/kenkatha), India: A small grey and black zebu draught breed from the Ken river country of Bundelkhand
- [Vorderwald](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/vorderwald), Germany: Black Forest breed with a white face and limbs, coloured patches, forward-curving horns
- [Albera](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/albera), Spain: A small cold-hardy breed of the Albera Massif, black or pale, used to clear scrub
- [Carinthian Blondvieh](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/carinthian-blondvieh), Austria: An old triple-purpose breed from Carinthia in Austria, white or light yellow
- [Bretonne Pie Noir](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/bretonne-pie-noir), France: A small pied black and white dairy cow from Brittany, once half a million strong
- [Kherigarh](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/kherigarh), India: A draught zebu from Lakhimpur Kheri in Uttar Pradesh, India
- [Hinterwald](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/hinterwald), Germany: A small Black Forest cow, white head and pied coat, kept for both milk and beef
- [Brown Carpathian](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/brown-carpathian), Ukraine: A brown dual-purpose breed from the Trans-Carpathian region of Ukraine
- [Mirandaise](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/mirandaise), France: A large, heat-tolerant draught breed from the Gers, now raised for veal
- [Yanbian](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/yanbian), China: A humpless yellow breed from north-east China, a draught worker in the rice fields
- [Javari](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/javari), India: A medium-built dual-purpose zebu from Kalyana-Karnataka, gentle and heat-tolerant
- [Beef Shorthorn](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/beef-shorthorn), United Kingdom: A British beef line, split from the dual-purpose Shorthorn in 1958
- [Rendena](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/rendena), Italy: A dual-purpose Alpine breed from the Val Rendena in Trentino, chestnut to near-black.
- [Lourdaise](https://everycow.cpn.cleartrust.cc/s/lourdaise), France: A rare white Pyrenean breed from near Lourdes, once milk, meat and draught in one